Direct speech, disebut pula direct quotation atau quoted speech, yaitu kalimat langsung yg digunakan untuk menerangkan ucapan orang lain dgn menggunakan kalimat yg sama persis & ditandai dgn tanda kutip pada awal & selesai kalimat. Sedangkan indirect speech menerangkan hal yg sama tetapi tak memakai tanda kutip, melainkan dgn mengganti kalimat tersebut. Indirect speech pula disebut sebagai reported speech.
Perubahan Tense pada Direct to Indirect Speech
Dari direct speech ke indirect speech, terdapat pergeseran pada tense yg dipakai yakni:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| Simple Present
“Peter is sick.” “Peter sakit.” |
Simple Past
She said that Peter was sick. Dia berkata bahwa Peter sakit. |
| Present Continuous
“Peter is going to a hospital.” “Peter sedang pergi ke suatu rumah sakit.” |
Past Continuous
She said that Peter was going to a hospital. Dia berkata bahwa Peter sedang pergi ke suatu rumah sakit. |
| Present Perfect
“Peter has not gone back to work yet.” “Peter belum kembali bekerja.” |
Past Perfect
She said that Peter had not gone back to work yet. Dia berkata bahwa Peter belum kembali bekerja. |
| Present Perfect Continuous
“Peter has been losing some weight.” “Berat tubuh Peter turun.” |
Past Perfect Continuous
She said that Peter had been losing some weight. Dia berkata bahwa berat badan Peter turun. |
| Simple Future
“I will study Japanese.” “Aku akan mencar ilmu bahasa Jepang.” |
Past Future
Jane said that she would study Japanese. Jane berkata dia akan belajar bahasa Jepang. |
| Future Continuous
“I will be studying at library tonight.” “Aku akan sedang belajar di perpustakaan nanti malam.” |
Past Future Continuous
Jane said that she would be studying at library that night. Jane berkata ia sedang berguru di perpustakaan malam itu. |
| Future Perfect
“I will have passed the test.” “Aku akan lulus cobaan.” |
Past Future Perfect
Jane said that she would have passed the test. Jane berkata ia akan sudah lulus ujian. |
| Future Perfect Continuous
“Tomorrow, I will have been studying Japanese for a month.” “Besok, gue akan sudah mencar ilmu bahasa Jepang selama satu bulan.” |
Past Future Perfect Continuous
Jane said that, the next day , she would have been studying Japanese for a month. Jane berkata, pada hari selanjutnya, ia akan sudah berguru bahasa Jepang selama satu bulan. |
| Simple Past
“I asked my dad to buy me a new phone.” “Aku sudah meminta ayahku untuk membelikanku suatu telepon baru.” |
Past Perfect
Denise said that she had asked dad to buy her a new phone. Denise berkata bahwa beliau sudah meminta ayahnya untuk membelikannya sebuah telepon baru. |
| Past Continuous
“My dad was eating when I asked him.” “Ayahku sedang makan tatkala gue memintanya.” |
Past Perfect Continuous
Denise said that her dad had been eating when she asked him. Denise berkata bahwa ayahnya sedang makan tatkala beliau memintanya. |
| Past Perfect
“My dad had bought me a new phone.” “Ayahku sudah membelikanku suatu telepon gres.” |
Tidak berubah
Denise said that her dad had bought her a new phone. Denise berkata bahwa ayahnya sudah membelikannya sebuah telepon baru. |
| Past Perfect Continuous
“My dad had been working on his project.” “Ayahku sedang mengerjakan proyeknya.” |
Tidak berganti
Denise said that her dad had been working on his project. Denise berkata bahwa ayahnya sedang menjalankan proyeknya. |
Seperti yg kita lihat di atas, indirect speech biasanya menggunakan kata penghubung “that”. Namun kita dapat menghilangkan kata ini bila konteks pembicaraannya informal.
Selain kata “said” kita mampu memakai “told” pada indirect speech, tetapi kita mesti menyertakan object setelahnya.
Contoh kalimat:
Direct speech : “I will go to to Japan tomorrow.”
Indirect speech : John told her that he would go to Japan the next day.
Perubahan Subject atau Pronoun
Untuk mendapatkan makna yg sama, kita perlu mengubah subject pada indirect speech. Contohnya:
Direct speech : “I asked my sister to buy this novel.”
Indirect speech : Karen said that she had asked her sister to buy that novel.
Perubahan Waktu & Tempat
Contoh pergeseran waktu & daerah yg biasanya dipakai yakni:
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
|---|---|
| This/these | That/those |
| Here | There |
| Today/tonight | (On) that day/that night |
| Yesterday | (On) the say before/the previous day |
| Tomorrow | The next day |
| Two days from tosay | Two days from then |
| Two days ago | Two days eralier |
Contoh kalimat:
Direct speech : “I asked my sister to buy this novel yesteday”
Indirect speech : Karen said that she had asked her sister to buy that novel on the previous day.
Perubahan Modal
Selain pergeseran-pergantian yg sudah disebutkan di atas, kita pula perlu mengganti modal yg dipakai.
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
|---|---|
| May | Might |
| Can | Could |
| Shall | Should |
| Will | Would |
Contohnya:
Direct speech : “I can ask my sister to buy me this novel.”
Indirect speech : Karen said that she could ask her sister to buy her that novel.
Indirect Speech untuk Pertanyaan
Kita mampu memakai teladan yg berbeda untuk menyampaikan pertanyaan dgn menggunakan “if” atau “whether” untuk Yes/No Question & “what”,“who”, “when”, “where”, “why”, & “how” untuk WF Question
| Question | Direct speech | Indirect speech |
|---|---|---|
| Yes/No Question | “Am I late?”
“Do you need my help?” |
Amanda asked if she was late.
Amanda asked whether I needed her help. |
| WF Question | “What can I do for you?” | Amanda asked what she could for me. |
Indirect Speech untuk Permintaan atau Perintah
Untuk seruan, kita dapat menggunakan “asked”. Sedangkan untuk perintah, kita dapat memakai “told” atau “ordered”. Perlu dicatat bahwa kita perlu menyertakan kata “to” pada kalimat usul atau perintah.
Contoh 1:
Direct speech : “Can you help?”
Indirect speech : My mom asked me to help her.
Contoh 2:
Direct speech : “Do the homework.”
Indirect speech : My mom told me to do the homework.
Pengecualian Perubahan Tense
Dalam beberapa situasi, kita tak perlu merubah tense & modal pada indirect speech, yakni:
- Membicarakan fakta
- Membicarakan hal yg masih benar (terjadi)
- Menyatakan hypothetical statement (if)
- Pernyataan yg gres saja dibuat
- Ucapan yg belum terjadi tatkala kita menyampaikan ucapan tersebut memakai indirect speech.
Referensi
Thewlis, Stephen H. (2000). Grammar Dimensions 3: Form, Meaning, and Use. Boston: Hainle & Hainle.
Artikel: Direct and Indirect Speech
Kontributor: Nanda Widya, S.Hum.
Alumni Sastra Inggris FIB UI
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